ARCHEOLOGY OF ARRAN PROVINCE - (The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies

Archeological sites of Arran Province (nowadays the Republic of Azarbaijan) first came to public attention in the mid-19th century, when European travelers became aware that it abounded in ancient ruins. Fr. Dubois de Montpereux (1839-43) and A. Berger wrote about various site remains visible to anyone; and Baron de Baye gathered a collection of random finds. In 1861 the Fifth All-Russian Archeological Congress, held in Tiflis (now Tbilisi), stimulated an interest in the archeology of the southern Caucasus and of Azarbaijan in particular. In 1890 J. de Morgan studied the mountainous areas of Talysh in the vicinity of Lenkoran, where he discovered over 230 burials at several sites dated to various periods of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages; he published his finds (de Morgan, 1896) and placed them in the museum of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in France. His was the first attempt to date the sites he had studied and to fit them into a broad context of contemporary culture. Between 1888 and 1890 a German engineer, W. Belck, excavated over 250 Early Iron Age burials at the towns of Kedabeg and Kalakent. (He worked on instructions from, and in close contact with, the noted German anatomist and student of anthropology, R. Virchow.) Some of the cemeteries proved to be large; that of the village of Paradiesfestung contained 185 burials. The materials kept at the Berlin Museum remained unpublished until 1983, when their complete description appeared.

Between 1894 and 1903 E. Rösler, a teacher at the Shusha secondary school, excavated mainly in Nagorny Karabagh; in 1899 he moved to the towns of Elenendorf (now Khanlar) and Elisavetpol (now Gäncä). Rösler concentrated on cemeteries dated chiefly to the Late Bronze Age, including such major sites as the Archadzor and Khodjaly burial mounds in Karabagh. The steppe barrows at Elisavetpol and numerous other burial grounds yielded rich and significant finds. Reports of Rösler's fieldwork regularly appeared in the Zeitschrift für Ethnologie and Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte (see 1882-96, 1898-99) and the Izvestiya Imperatorskoi Arkheologicheskoi Komissii (Proceedings of the Imperial Archeological Commission; see 1904, no. 12; 1905, no. 16). His materials were kept in part in the Museum of History in Moscow, in part in The Hermitage, St. Petersburg. At about the same time, Captain N. Fyodorov excavated at Nakhichevan on behalf of the Archeological Commission. He discovered burials with painted pottery later dated to the late second millennium BCE. Early in the 1890s O. Rosendorf and V. Skinder conducted small-scale excavations of burial sites in western Azarbaijan; their finds were sent chiefly to the Museum of History in Moscow. In 1896 the Archeological Commission dispatched A. Ivanovskii, a geographer, historian, and archeologist, to the southern Caucasus. He carried out large-scale excavations in western Azarbaijan, in the same places where Belck had worked, then moved to the southeastern coast of Lake Sevan and Nagorny Karabagh. Altogether he excavated over 90 burial sites, the materials from which were sent to the Museum of History in Moscow and were described in detail in volume VI (1911) of Materialy po arkheologii Kavkaza (Materials on Caucasian Archeology) against the background of European and Asian cultures. Most of the burials Ivanovskii studied were dated to the Early Iron Age.

After 1919 the pace of archeological activities quickened. In 1920 the newly opened Museum of the History of Azarbaijan instituted regular archeological expeditions; in 1923 was formed the Azarbaijan Committee for the Protection of the Monuments of Antiquity, Art, and Nature, which regularly published results of archeological excavations. Also at that time the Society for the Study and Investigation of Azarbaijan was set up; it too carried out archeological fieldwork across the republic and published the results in the Society's proceedings (Izvestiya). From that time on, archeological finds have been sent to the republic's museums. In 1926 the Society organized an expedition under Academician I. Meshchaninov to study the monuments of Nagorny Karabagh and the environs of Nakhichevan. In the same year, a publication by members of the expedition staff (Passek and Latynin 1926) included a survey of all archeological material then known. In the same year the Trans-Caucasian Scholarly Association organized an expedition under A. Miller to excavate the Kizyl-Vank cemetery at Nakhichevan. That site belonged to the Painted Pottery culture and was dated later than Fyodorov's finds. In fall 1926 D. Sharifov of the Azarbaijanian State Museum discovered previously unknown pottery forms in the Ialoilu-Tapa burial site in the Nukha District.

From the 1930s on, the majority of the archeological expeditions in the republic were conducted under the auspices of the Azarbaijan Branch of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences. In 1934 it organized an expedition that studied the cyclopean fortresses, the first of which had been discovered in 1927 by Meshchaninov's expedition. I. Djafarzadeh (1945) summarized the results. Between 1930 and 1941 J. Hummel, a teacher of a local secondary school, carried out systematic excavations at Khanlar (formerly Elenendorf) and, at a smaller scale, in Karabagh. He discovered a huge amount of diverse remains, including such important sites as Barrows I and II in Khanlar and hitherto unknown Late Bronze Age settlements. His results were regularly published in periodicals and separately (Hummel 1931, 1940). In 1946, when it was decided to build the Mingechaur Hydropower Station, a Mingechaur archeological expedition under S. Kaziev was organized. It discovered and studied a wealth of material ranging from the Eneolithic to the Middle Ages. In 1951 the Nakhichevan Expedition under O. Abibullaev was instituted; it concentrated on Kül-Tepe I mound. The Middle Ages came to the center of attention in 1938-41, and after 1945 medieval studies acquired an even greater scope. In 1953 the Institute of Archeology of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences and the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of Azarbaijanian S.S.R. organized a joint expedition under A. Iessen. It first concentrated on the medieval settlement Oren-Kala in the Mil steppe, but the scope of the expedition's work was much wider. Some of its groups studied remains of various periods in the Mil-Karabagh steppe; they paid particular attention to the origin and development of permanent settlements, emergence of the pasturing and semi-nomadic cattle breeding economy, town formation, and problems of the south Caucasian Eneolithic period. The expedition worked on, e.g., Uzerlik-Tepe, Kara-Tepe, and the Big and Little mounds of Uch-Tepe; and its reports did much to advance archeology in the republic. Another expedition of the Institute of History, working from 1947 to 1966, studied about 750 rock paintings in Gobustan which are dated to a long period from the Neolithic to the early Middle Ages; these became known all over the world (Djafarzadeh 1973).

Since the 1960s and 1970s several scores of archeological expeditions of the Azarbaijanian Academy of Sciences have worked in the republic. The Academy publishes the series "Material'naya kul'tura Azerbaidzhana" (Material culture of Azarbaijan), "Pamyatniki material'noi kul'tury Azerbaidzhana" (Monuments of Azarbaijan's material culture), and "Arkheologicheskie i etnograficheskie izyskaniya v Azerbaidzhane" (Archeological and ethnographic studies in Azarbaijan), as well as the journal Azerbaidzhanskaya arkheologiya (Azarbaijanian archeology). In 1953 S. Zamyatnin launched Palaeolithic studies in Azarbaijan, studying the Upper Paleolithic sites in the Aveidag Mountains in western Azarbaijan. Research on this period was continued by M. Guseinov, D. Gadzhiev (1979), and others (see D. Gadzhiev et al. 1979). The multi-layered Azykh Cave is the most important Stone Age monument in Azarbaijan. Its earliest strata produced pebble tools reminiscent, according to certain scholars, of the Olduvai tool industry. Occupation deposits cover a vast period of the Paleolithic from Early Acheulian to Mousterian. The strata are 1.5 to 5 m deep; the Middle Acheulian stratum contains traces of hearths, fireplace, and probably dwellings; the same stratum produced part of the lower jawbone of a hominid (pre-Neanderthal man of the Heidelberg type). The developed Mousterian can be found in nearby Taglar Cave. Its Mousterian industry has close parallels in Iranian Kurdistan and Luristan sites. The Upper Paleolithic is best represented by the finds from a multi-layered Damcili grotto in the Aveidag Mountains.

1, Azykh cave - 2, Taglar cave - 3, Dashsallaly - 4, Damdjily-
5, Gobustan, 6. Shomu-Tepe, 7. Toyre-Tepe, 8. Baba-Dervish, 9. Kül-Tepe - 10, Kül-Tepe I - 11, Alikemek-Tepesi - 12, Uzerlik-Tepe - 13 to 15, Uch-Tepe - 14, Kara-Tepe - 16, Oren-Kala - 17, Tazakend - 18—Mingechaur - 19 & 20—Khanlar (Elenendorf) - 21, Elizavetpol (Kirovobad, Gäncä) burial grounds - 22, Dashkesan - 23, Borsunlu - 24, Beimsarov - 25, Archadzor - 26, Khodjaly - 27. Paradiesfestung - 28. Kedabeg - 29. Kalakent - 30. Talysh, Lenkoran zone - 31. Mugan', Astrakhanbazar - 32. Sary-tepe - 33. Shamkhor - 34. Apsheron - 35. Dzhafarkhan - 36. Ialoylu-Tapa - 37. Gäncä - 38. Kabala - 3. Baku, 40. Shemakha, 41. Old Shemakha, 42. Khynysly, 43. Gülistan, 44. Kharaba-Gilan
(Click to enlarge)

Early and Late Mesolithic monuments of the ninth-seventh millennia BCE are represented by the finds in Gobustan and the Damcili grotto; cave shelters of the Beyuk-Tash Mountain in Gobustan and Firuz 1 and 2 sites contained Mesolithic and Early Neolithic strata that yielded, in particular, over 50 synchronous rock paintings. The earliest local pottery was also found there.

J. Hummel initiated Neolithic (seventh-sixth millennia BCE) studies in Azarbaijan; he discovered and studied the Kiligdar flint quarry, where the stone was also processed, as well as site 133 at Khanlar and a burial at Shamkhor. O. Abibullaev (1982), I. Narimanov (1987), and G. Ismailov (1977) demonstrated that the earliest strata of the multi-layered settlements of Kül-Tepe at Nakhichevan and Shomu-Tepe in western Azarbaijan were dated to the Late Neolithic.

During the Late Neolithic and, mainly, during the Eneolithic (sixth-fourth millennia BCE), the mountain population started moving down to the Mil, Karabagh, and Mugan steppes. It was at that time that an economy of cattlebreeding and, predominantly, agriculture began taking shape. As a rule these were small, unprotected settlements, in which archeologists found traces of long habitation marked by artificial mounds and burial grounds. The settlements formed compact groups; chaotically placed adobe houses (stone was used in the southern areas) stood close to each other. Dwellings were mainly round, up to 2.5 m high. People used artificial irrigation, especially in the south. Abibullaev, Narimanov, Makhmudov and others studied settlements such as Shomu-Tepe, Toyre-Tepe, Gargalar-Tepe, Baba-Dervish, Leyla-Tepe, Shomu-Tepe, Alikemek-Tepesi, Misharchai II-IV, and Kül-Tepe I. The Eneolithic strata are usually 3 to 5 m thick; in Gargalar, however they extend up to 10 m. The Alikemek-Tepesi settlement covers an area of over 1 hectare; materials from some of the settlements (Alikemek-Tepesi) are very close to the materials obtained from monuments of northwestern Iran. It became possible to place these remains in a chronological context, thanks in large part to the position of the Eneolithic strata directly underlying the Early Bronze strata in the Kül-Tepe I and Baba-Dervish settlements and, especially, the finds of fragments of Halaf pottery in the Eneolithic stratum of Kül-Tepe identified and studied by A. Iessen.

In the Early Bronze Age (mid-fourth to third quarter of the third millennia BCE), the Kuro-Araks culture covered the territory of Azarbaijan, and the southern Caucasus for that matter. During this period agriculture continued to progress, while cattlebreeding sharply increased. Archeologists excavated the settlements of Mingechaur and Baba-Dervish in the north, Kül-Tepe I, Kül-Tepe II, Shor-Tepe and others in the south; Garapek-Tepe, Meine-Tepe, and others in the southeastern offshoots of the Lesser Caucasus. Presumably Early Bronze Age settlements were identified in northeastern Azarbaijan, which previously had yielded little archeological evidence. Cemeteries were situated outside settlements, only rarely within them. Fieldwork was carried out by C. Khalilov, T. Akhundov, G. Aslanov, R. Vaidov, G. Ione, S. Kasiev, O. Abibullaev, G. Ismailov, and others. The Kül-Tepe I Early Bronze settlement covered no less than 1 hectare; Baba-Dervish occupies an area of 300 by 200 m. In that period population density increased considerably, and new settlements appeared. Settlements were located, not only on artificial mounds, but also on riverbanks, natural mounds, and mountain slopes. Settlements and houses became larger; the houses remained round (up to 4 m in diameter) or rectangular (in the upper strata); they were made of adobe bricks and stone. Semi-dugout dwellings were discovered in the Mingechaur settlement. Building technique became more complex; the number of outbuildings increased. Remains of metallurgical and pottery industries were found at the sites; in that period Azarbaijan, together with the entire Caucasus, became a major center of metallurgical production.During the Middle Bronze period a considerable part of the territory of Arran Province (the Mil steppe and the adjacent foothills in the south) was part of the Sevan-Uzerlik cultural group of the 19th-17th centuries BCE, which is characterized by painted pottery. Uzerlik-Tepe, the main settlement of this group, was excavated by K. Kushnaryova (1957), who worked in the Azarbaijani expedition headed by A. Iessen. The settlement, 200 m in diameter, was found on top of a hill; its central part was protected with an adobe wall up to 3 m wide; the eastern entrance was flanked with buttresses. Archeologists uncovered remnants of houses with clay floors and wooden ceilings.

Sites with painted pottery of the Kizyl-Vank type are grouped around Nakhichevan and in the adjacent areas of northwestern Iran; they are represented by settlements and burials. Settlements of an open type (Kül-Tepe I, Kizyl-Vank) and fortified (Kül-Tepe II and probably Shor-Tepe). Ancient salt mines are associated with Kül-Tepe II. The polychrome pottery found shares many features with the pottery from the Urmia monuments of Haftava@n-Tepe and Geoy-Tepe.

Population density in Azarbaijan increased during the Late Bronze and Early Iron ages (late 15th–7th centuries BCE) Local culture is represented by different types of remains—permanent and temporary, fortified and unprotected settlements, cyclopean constructions, sanctuaries, and rock paintings. Burials of all types with complicated structures, evidence of rituals, and rich bronze objects, indicate that a military elite had been formed by that time. Cattlebreeding and the domestication of horses required the existence of distant pastures and the seasonal migration of herds. The area established stable and regular contacts with northwestern Iran and the Eurasian steppes. Arran Province was never captured by the Urartians, who had conquered the central part of the southern Caucasus; yet, if one judges from archeological finds, contacts between the conquerors and Arran Province existed. The following monuments are well known: The Big Archadzor and Khanlar (Elenendorf) barrows; the Khodjaly cemetery, the burials around Dashkesan and Shamkhor, the barrows of Borsunlu, Sarychoban, Beimsarov, and Mingechaur; the burials and stelae of the Apsheron Peninsula, the cemeteries of Kharaba-Gilan, the settlements of Sary-Tepe, Uch-Tepe, Khanlar, and the lower strata of Kara-Tepe.These sites have been investigated by N. Minkevich-Mustafaeva, I. Narimanov, G. Aslanov, G. Jafarov, G. Kesamanly, O. Danielian, M. Guseynova, and others. The Small Mound in the Mil steppe excavated by A. Iessen proved that in the 7th century BCE some Scythian bands crossed the eastern part of the southern Caucasus on their march to the Near East.

In the heyday of the Achaemenid empire, Caspiana (Strabo, 11.4.5), which probably was situated in the Mugan steppe, was made part of satrapy XI (Herodotus, 3.92). Achaemenid objects and their local replicas appeared in Arran Province. The Sary-Tepe settlement revealed remnants of buildings and bases of columns that resembled Achaemenid bases; similar bases were found in the Shamkhor District. Once the Achaemenid empire fell apart, the southern part of Arran Province became part of Atropatene; and the northern part formed a section of Caucasian Albania; yet their borders were never stable. Until the end of the first millennium BCE the larger part of Arran Province was taken by the Ialoylu-Tapa culture (which probably included the jar burials culture). The better-known burial grounds of Ialoylu-Tapa and Dzhafarkhan, the Kara-Tepe settlement, the upper strata of Sary-Tepe, and other sites were studied by T. Passek, A. Iessen, O. Ismizadeh, D. Djabarov, and others. Coins from the burials and hoards were studied by E. Pakhomov. Starting in the late 4th century BCE coins had been brought to Albania; and in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE the practice of local minting arose. At first the Albanian settlements were more like small villages; in the 4th century BCE, however, the first towns appeared. Old Kabala, the capital of Albania, was one of them, dated on the strength of archeological evidence. For several centuries urban culture developed, and archeologists have managed to locate some of the towns mentioned in written sources. A. Iessen identified the Oren-Kala and Tazakend fortified settlements as respectively Baylakan and Paytakaran of Arab and Armenian sources. Archeologists are working at present in, e.g., Kabala, Shemakha, Baku, Shabran, Gäncä, Nakhichevan, and Bard. Nearly all of these places were founded as fortified towns that later, in the 9th and 10th centuries, developed into large trading and manufacturing centers. Early in the 13th century their progress was cut short by the Mongol invasion that left Baykalan and some other cities depopulated; in other places, however, people continued to live during the 14th-17th centuries. Archeologists have established that architecture and handicrafts (including production of glazed pottery) were highly developed. They have also discovered evidence of wide and intensive trade contacts with cities of Persia such as Ray, Kashan, and Sultanabad. The architectural monuments of Arran Province dating from the 12th-15th centuries are widely known.

Bibliography

	O. S. Abibullaev, Eneolit i bronza na territorii Nakhichevanskoi ASSR (The Eneolithic and Bronze Age in the territory of Nakhichevan A.S.S.R.), Baku, 1982.
	G. M. Akhmedov, "Goroda Azerbaidzhana kak tsentry remesla i torgovli," (Azarbaijani cities as centers of trade and handicrafts), in Problemy Azarbaijanskogo Renessansa (The Azarbaijani renaissance), Baku, 1984, pp. 126-38.
	Idem, Goroda Azarbaijana epokhi Nizami (Azarbaijani cities of the Nizami period), Baku, 1991. A. A. Akhundov, Arkhitektura drevnego a srednevekovogo Azerbaidzhana (Architecture of ancient and medieval Azarbaijan), Baku, 1987.
	A. K. Alekperov, Issledovaniya po arkheologii i etnografii Azerbaidzhana (Studies of Azarbaijan's archeology and ethnography), Baku, 1960.
	V. G. Aliev, Kul'tura raspisnoi keramiki epokhi bronzy v Azerbaidzhane (The Painted Pottery Culture of the Bronze Age in Azarbaijan), Baku, 1977 (in Azarbaijani).
	I. G. Aliev, Ocherk Istoria Midii (Outline of the history of Media), Baku, 1961.
	Idem, "Sarmato-alany na puti v Iran" (The Sarmatian-Alans on the way to Iran), in Istoria iranskogo gosudarstva i kul'tury (History of the Iranian state and its culture), Moscow, 1971, pp. 198-211.
	Idem, Ocherk istorii Atropateny (Outline of the history of Atropatene), Baku, 1989.
	I. Aliev and G. Goshgarli, "Archeological Investigations in Azarbaijan (1986-1990)," Journal of Ancient Civilizations, 1/3, 1994.
	G. M. Aslanov, R. M. Vaidov, G. I. Ione, Drevnii Mingechaur (epokha eneolita i bronzy) (Ancient Mingechaur of the Eneolithic and Bronze Ages), Baku, 1959.
	G. M. Aslanov, "Arkheologicheskie raskopki na Apsherone" (Archeological excavations in Apsheron), in Material'naya kul'tura Azerbaidzhana VI, Baku, 1962, pp. 67-73 (in Azeri with a Russian summary).
	G. Aslanov, B. Ibragimov, S. Kashkai, Drevnie nekropoli Kharaba-Gilana (Ancient necropolises of Kharaba-Gilan), Baku, 2002.
	I. A. Babaev. "K voprosu o vzaimosvyazyakh Kavkazskoi Albanii s Sasanidskim Iranom (po materialam gliptiki i numizmatiki)" (On interconnections between Caucasian Albania and Sasanian Iran, based on glyptics and numismatics), in Iskusstvo i arkheologia Irana (Art and archeology of Iran), Moscow, 1971, pp. 43-56.
	L. S. Bretanitskii, Zodchestvo Azerbaidzhana XVII-XVIII vv. (Azarbaijani architecture of the 17th-18th centuries), Moscow, 1966.
	L. S. Bretanitskii, B. V. Veimarn, "Iskusstvo Azarbaijana XII–nachala XIII vv." (Azarbaijani art of the 12th–early13th centuries), in Problemy azerbaidzhanskogo Renessansa (The Azarbaijani renaissance), Baku, 1984, pp. 139-61.
	Z. M. Buniyatov, Azerbaidzhan v VII-IX vv (Azarbaijan in the 7th–9th centuries), Baku, 1965. T. A. Bunyatov, Zemledelie i skotovodstvo v Azerbaidzhane v epokhu bronzy (Agriculture and cattlebreeding in Azarbaijan in the Bronze Age), Baku, 1957.
	Ch. Burney and D. M. Lang, The Peoples of the Hills. Ancient Ararat and Caucasus, London, 1971.
	Fr. Dubois de Montpereux, Voyage autour du Caucase, chez les Tcherkesses et les Abkhases, en Colchide, en Ge‚orgie, en Arme‚nie, et en Crime‚e, 3 vols., Paris, 1839-43.
	G. F. Dzhafarov, Svyazi Azerbaidzhana so stranami Perednei Azii v epokhu pozdnei bronzy i rannego zheleza (po arkheologicheskim materialam Azerbaidzhana) (Contacts between Azarbaijan and the countries of Hither Asia during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages according to archeological finds from Azarbaijan), Baku, 1984.
	Idem, Azerbaidzhan IV–I tysyacheletii do n.e. (Azarbaijan of the fourth-first millennia B.C.), Baku, 2000 (in Azarbaijanian). I. Dzhafarzade, "Tsiklopicheskie sooruzheniya Azerbaidzhana" (Cyclopean constructions of Azarbaijan), Trudy Azarbaijanskogo filiala AN SSSR (Transactions of the Azarbaijanian Branch of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences), Vol. 55, 1945.
	Idem, Gobustan. Naskal'nye izobrazheniya (Rock paintings of Gobustan), Baku, 1973. G. A. Dzhiddi, Srendevekovyi gorod Shemakha IX-XVII vv. (The medieval city of Shemakha in the 9th–17th centuries), Baku, 1973.
	"Epokha bronzy Kavkaza i Srednei Azii. Rannyaya u srednyaya bronza Kavkaza" (Bronze Age in the Caucasus and Central Asia. Early and Middle Bronze Age in the Caucasus), in Arkheologiya, ed. by K. Kh. Kushnaryova and V. I. Markovin, Moscow, 1994, pp. 5-156.
	D. V. Gadzhiev, M. M. Guseinov, A. V. Mamedov, N. Sh. Shirinov, "Kratkie rezul'taty kompleksnykh issledovanii Azykhskoi drevnepaleoliticheskoi stoyanki" (Summarized results of comprehensive Studies of the Azykh Early Paleolithic camp), in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Azerb. SSR, seria nauka o zemle (Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Azarbaijanian S.S.R., Earth Sciences Series), 1979, No. 3.
	M. Kh. Geidarov, Goroda i gorodskoe remeslo Azerbaidzhana XIII-XVII vv. (Cities and urban handicrafts in Azarbaijan in the 13th-17th centuries), Baku, 1982.
	R. B. Geyushev, Khristianstvo v Kavkazskoi Albanii (po dannym arkheologii i pis'mennykh istochnikov) (Christianity in Caucasian Albania according to archeological finds and written sources), Baku, 1984. Idem, Arkheologiya Azerbaidzhana (Archeology of Azarbaijan), Baku, 1986 (in Azarbaijani).
	M. M. Guseinov, ed., Kamennyi vek i eneolit v Azerbaidzhane (sbornik statei) (The Stone Age and Eneolithic in Azarbaijan, collection of articles), Baku, 1984.
	M. A. Guseinova, Keramika Vostochnogo Zakavkaz'ya epokhi pozdnei bronzy i rannego zheleza XIV-IX vv. do n. e. (Pottery of eastern Trans-Caucasus of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages, 14th-9th centuries B.C.), Baku, 1989.
	J. Hummel (Ya. I. Gummel), Pogrebal'nyi kurgan No. 1 okolo Elenendorfa Azerba iidzhanskoi SSR (Burial mound no. 1 at Elenendorf, Azarbaijanian S.S.R.), Baku, 1931.
	Idem, "Zur Archaeologie Azerbaidzans," Eurasia Septentrionalis Antiqua 8, 1933, pp. 311-34. Idem, Arkheologicheskie ocherki (Archeological essays), Baku, 1940.
	A. A. Iessen, "K voprosu o drevneishei metallurgii medi na Kavkaze" (On the earliest copper metallurgy in the Caucasus), Izvestia Gos. Akademii istorii material'noi kul'tury (Proceedings of the State Academy of the History of Material Culture), Issue 120, Moscow and Leningrad, 1935, pp. 7-420.
	Idem, ed., Trudy Azerbaidzhanskoi (Oren-Kalinskoi) ekspeditsii (Proceedings of the Azarbaijanian [Oren-Kala] Expedition), Vols. I–III (Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR "Materials on and Studies of Archeology of the U.S.S.R.," Nos. 67, 125, 133), Moscow and Leningrad, 1959, 1965, 1965.
	Idem, "Kavkaz i Drevnii Vostok v IV i III tys. do n.e." (The Caucasus and the Ancient Orient in the fourth and third millennia B.C.), Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii (Concise reports of the Institute of Archeology), 1963, Issue 93, pp. 3-14.
	G. S. Ismailov, Arkheologicheskoe issledovanie drevnego poseleniya Baba-Dervish (Archeological studies of the ancient Baba-Dervish settlement), Baku, 1977.
	O. Sh. Ismizadeh, Yaloilutapinskaya kul'tura (Ialoylu-Tapa culture), Baku, 1956.
	S. M. Kashkay, "General Outlines of the Material Culture of the Nakhichevan Zone and of Iranian Azarbaijan (End of the Second-Beginning of the First Millennium B.C.)," AAASH 22, 1974, pp. 349-51.
	M. A. Kashkai and I. R. Selimkhanov, Iz istorii drevnei metallurgii Kavkaza (From the history of ancient metallurgy in the Caucasus), Baku, 1973.
	S. M. Kaziev, "Arkheologicheskie raskopki v Mingechaure" (Archeological excavations in Mingechaur), in Material'naya kul'tura Azerbaidzhana I, Baku, 1949, pp. 1-36.
	Idem, Al'bom kuvshinnykh pogrebenii (An album of jar burials), Baku, 1962. J. A. Khalilov, Material'naya kul'tura Kavkazskoi Albanii (IV v. do n. e.–3 v. n. e.) (Material Culture of Caucasian Albania, 4th century B.C.–3rd Century A.D.), Baku, 1985.
	G. A. Koshelenko, ed., Drevneishie gosudarstva Kavkaza i Srednei Azii (Ancient states of the Caucasus and Central Asia), in the series Arkheologiya SSSR (Archeology of the U.S.S.R.), Moscow, 1985.
	K. Kh. Kushnaryova, "Nekotorye pamyatniki epokhi pozdnei bronzy v Nagornom Karabakhe" (Late Bronze Age Monuments in Nagorny Karabagh), Sovetskaya arkheologiya 27, 1957, pp. 135-77.
	Eadem, Yuzhnyi Kavkaz v IX-II tys. do n.e. (The southern Caucasus in the 9th–2nd millennia B.C.), St. Petersburg, 1993.
	V. M. Masson, "Drevnie grobnitsy vozhdei na Kavkaze: Nekotorye aspekty sotsiologicheskoi interpretatsii" (Ancient burials of chiefs in the Caucasus: certain aspects of sociological interpretation), in Kavkaz i Vostochnaya Evropa v drevnosti (The Caucasus and Eastern Europe in antiquity), Moscow, 1973, pp. 102-12.
	I. I. Meshchaninov, "K voprosu ob assiriyskoi busine Khodzhalinskogo mogil'nika" (About the Assyrian bead from the Khodjaly cemetery), in Izvestiya Obshchestva Obsledovaniya i Izucheniya Azerbaidzhana (Proceedings of the Society for the Study and Investigation of Azarbaijan), Baku, 1926, No. 3., pp. 107-11.
	N. V. Minkevich-Mustafaeva, "O datirovke i khronologicheskikh etapakh nekotorykh pamyatnikov Azerbaidzhana epokhi pozdnei bronzy i rannego zheleza" (On the dates and chronological stages of certain Late Bronze-Early Iron monuments in Azarbaijan), in Material'naya kul'tura Azerbaidzhana IV, Baku, 1962, pp. 109-39.
	J. de Morgan, Mission scientifique en Perse IV, Paris, 1896.
	W. Nagel andd E. Strommenger, Kalakent. Früheisenzeitliche Grabfunde aus dem transkaukasischen Gebiet von Kirovabad/Elisavetopol, Berlin, 1985.
	I. G. Narimanov, Arkheologicheskie pamyatniki Gyandzhinskogo rayona (Archeological monuments of the Gäncä District), Baku, 1958 (in Azarbaijani).
	Idem, "Nakhodki baz kolonn V-IV vv. do n.e. v Azarbaijane" (Finds of Column Bases of the 5th–4th centuries B.C. in Azarbaijan), Sovetskaia arkheologia, 1960, no. 4, pp. 162-64. Idem, Kul'tura drevneishego zemledel'cheskogo-skotovodcheskogo naseleniya Azerbaidzhana (Culture of the earliest agriculturalists and cattle breeders in Azarbaijan), Baku, 1987.
	F. L. Osmanov, "Glinyanye sarkofagi, naidennye na territorii Azarbaijana" (Clay sarcophagi found in Azarbaijan), in Material'naya kul'tura Azerbaidzhana VIII, Baku, 1973, pp. 245-49.
	Otchoty Imperatorskoi Arkheologicheskoi Komissii za 1893–1903 gg. (Reports of the Imperial Archeological Commission for 1893-1903), St. Petersburg, 1893–1906.
	E. A. Pakhomov, Klady Azerbaidzhana i drugikh respublik i krayov Kavkaza (Hoards of Azarbaijan and of Other Caucasian republics and territories), Issues I-IX, Baku, 1957-66.
	Idem, "Antichnye Monety v Albanii (v predelakh Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR)" (Ancient coins in Albania, within the Azarbaijan S.S.R.), in Voprosy istorii Kavkazskoi Albanii (Problems of the History of Caucasian Albania), Baku, 1962, pp. 105-13.
	T. Passek and B. Latynin, "Ocherk doistorii Severnogo Azerbaiidzhana" (Outline of the pre-history of Arran Province), in Izvestiya Obshchestva Obsledovaniya i Izucheniya Azerbaidzhana (Proceedings of the Society for the Study and Investigation of Azarbaijan), Baku, 1926, No. 3, pp. 3-48.
	B. B. Piotrovskii, Arkheologia Zakavkaz'ia (Archeology of the Trans-Caucasus), Leningrad, 1949. M. N. Pogrebova, Iran i Zakavkaz'ie v rannem zheleznom veke (Iran and the Trans-Caucasus in the Early Iron Age), Moscow, 1977.
	K. V. Trever, Ocherki po istorii i kul'ture Kavkazskoi Albanii (An outline of the history and culture of Caucasian Albania), Moscow and Leningrad, 1959.